Custom fonts (@font-face)

The CSS3 `@font-face` rule allows developers to use custom fonts, breaking the traditional limitation of web pages relying on system fonts. The basic syntax includes defining the font name with `font-family`, specifying the file path and format with `src`, defining variants with `font-weight` and `font-style`, and controlling loading behavior with `font-display`. Modern web pages primarily use compressed formats like WOFF2 and WOFF, traditional formats like TTF/OTF, and the IE-specific EOT format. Professional fonts often include multiple variants, requiring proper declaration of font weight and style. Performance optimization strategies include subsetting to extract required characters, `unicode-range` for on-demand loading of specific characters, preloading, and font display strategies. Variable font technology enables a single file to contain multiple variations. Practical use cases demonstrate how e-commerce websites declare and apply different fonts. Common issue resolutions involve addressing font flickering, handling large Chinese fonts, and ensuring copyright compliance. Advanced font features leverage OpenType for enhanced typography. JavaScript can monitor font loading events. Responsive font practices combine CSS variables and media queries to achieve adaptation across different devices.

Implement the parallax effect

The parallax effect creates depth and a three-dimensional feel by moving elements at different layers at varying speeds. CSS3 offers multiple implementation methods, including properties like `background-attachment`, `transform`, and `perspective`. `background-attachment: fixed` enables simple parallax but has poor mobile compatibility. More advanced 3D parallax uses `perspective` and `translateZ` to control element movement speed. JavaScript-based scroll parallax allows for more complex effects. For performance optimization, it’s recommended to use `will-change` and GPU-accelerated properties. Responsive design requires adjusting or disabling parallax for mobile devices. Practical applications include layered backgrounds, product showcases, and navigation, but it’s important to balance visual impact with user experience—avoid disrupting content readability or causing dizziness. Advanced techniques include mouse-triggered parallax, combining CSS animations, and scroll snapping.

Transition animation

CSS3 transition animations achieve smooth changes between element states through the transition property, which includes four sub-properties: the property to transition, value changes, duration, and timing function. This foundational concept explains transitionable property types such as color, size, and position, as well as methods for transitioning multiple properties simultaneously. It highlights techniques for controlling animation rhythm with timing functions, including Bézier curves and steps functions, and explores applications of transition delays, such as sequential menu item appearances. Practical examples like dropdown menus, image zooming, and tab switching are provided, along with performance optimization recommendations prioritizing transform and opacity. Finally, it covers browser compatibility handling, combining with keyframe animations, and advanced use cases like dynamic theme switching and SVG path animations.

Internal and external dimensions

In CSS3, an element's size is determined by both its intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions. Intrinsic dimensions are automatically calculated based on content, such as text expanding height, while block-level elements default to filling the parent container's width. CSS3 provides keywords like `min-content` and `max-content` to control intrinsic sizing. Extrinsic sizing is achieved through explicit `width`/`height` settings or parent container constraints, with percentage units and the `calc()` function being typical applications. The box model's calculation can be altered via `box-sizing`. For replaced elements, size priority follows: explicit settings > original dimensions > parent container constraints. In flex layouts, `flex-basis` defines the initial size. Responsive design utilizes media queries and the `clamp()` function for fixed aspect ratios. Emerging features like Grid's `minmax()` function and container queries offer more flexible control over sizing and overflow, which must be managed with `overflow`.

Subgrid

Subgrid is an important feature of CSS Grid layout. By declaring `display: subgrid`, nested grids can inherit the track definitions of the parent grid, including gaps and sizing. It is commonly used in form layouts for alignment and achieving uniform card content heights. Subgrid handles implicit tracks and inherits parent grid gap values but allows overrides. Browser compatibility requires fallback solutions. Compared to traditional nested grids, subgrid avoids redundant track definitions. In practice, developers should note the limitations of one-dimensional subgrid and full track spanning. Performance-wise, subgrid excels in large-scale layouts and can be combined with Flexbox. Chrome DevTools can display inheritance relationships for debugging. In design systems, subgrid helps maintain component consistency.

Scroll snapping

Scroll snapping is a powerful CSS3 layout feature that enables precise scroll control and enhances user experience. It is divided into two main categories: container properties and child item properties. Container properties include `scroll-snap-type`, which defines the snapping behavior, and `scroll-padding`, which adjusts margins. Child item properties include `scroll-snap-align`, which specifies alignment, and `scroll-margin`, which adjusts boundaries. The article provides a detailed explanation of these properties and demonstrates their application through practical examples such as full-screen scrolling pages and horizontal image galleries. It also offers advanced techniques, including handling nested containers, dynamic content loading, compatibility solutions, and performance optimization tips. Additionally, the guide explores methods for combining scroll snapping with other CSS features, solutions to common issues, and special considerations for mobile devices. This comprehensive resource equips developers with a complete technical guide to scroll snapping.

Content overflow handling

CSS3 provides multiple solutions for handling content overflow. The core property `overflow` includes values like `visible`, `hidden`, `scroll`, and `auto`, which control how content is displayed. Text overflow can be managed with `text-overflow` for single-line truncation or `-webkit-line-clamp` for multi-line truncation. Custom scrollbar styling can be achieved using `-webkit` pseudo-elements. Responsive design can be optimized for different devices with media queries. Special elements like tables and images have dedicated handling methods. For performance optimization, avoid overusing the `scroll` property, and enable hardware acceleration on mobile devices. Older browsers may require compatibility solutions. Creative effects, such as parallax scrolling, can leverage overflow for interactive experiences.

Scrolling animation technology

In modern web design, scroll animation techniques enhance user experience by using CSS3 and JavaScript to create dynamic element effects. The core principle involves listening to scroll events, calculating element positions, and triggering CSS changes. Common CSS properties include transform for 2D/3D transformations, transition for smooth transitions, and animation combined with keyframes for complex animations. Parallax effects are achieved through background-attachment: fixed, while Scroll Snap provides precise stopping points. Performance optimization techniques include using will-change for hardware acceleration and throttling event handlers. Advanced applications cover GSAP timeline animations and SVG path animations. Responsive design requires adaptation for different devices. Practical examples include progress indicators and navigation bar transformations. Compatibility solutions provide fallbacks for older browsers. Creative examples include letter-by-letter text reveals and 3D card flips. Combining these techniques enables the creation of rich, interactive modern web experiences.

Animation performance optimization

CSS3 animations are crucial in modern web applications, but performance optimization must be considered. The core lies in triggering GPU acceleration through properties like transform. Opt for high-performance animation properties such as transform and opacity, while avoiding properties like width that trigger reflows. The will-change property can pre-inform the browser of element changes but should be used cautiously. Minimizing reflows and repaints can be achieved by toggling class names. Appropriate timing functions enhance animation smoothness. Compositing layer management requires balancing performance and memory consumption. Mobile devices need special handling, such as disabling touch highlights. Performance monitoring tools include browser developer tools. Practical cases demonstrate that transform outperforms properties like left. Advanced techniques include off-screen animation handling. Different browsers require targeted optimization approaches. Combining these techniques can significantly improve animation performance.

Perspective and 3D space

CSS3's 3D transformations and perspective features add a sense of space to web design. The `perspective` property defines the distance between the observer and the z=0 plane—the smaller the value, the stronger the perspective effect. When child elements move along the Z-axis, the browser automatically calculates the scaling ratio. CSS3 employs a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, offering various transformation functions like `rotateX` and `translate3d`. The `transform-style` property ensures child elements maintain their 3D relationships, commonly used for creating complex 3D effects like cubes. The `backface-visibility` property controls the visibility of an element's backface, ideal for flip-card designs. The `perspective-origin` property adjusts the vanishing point position, producing different viewing angles. For performance optimization, it’s recommended to use `transform3d` to trigger hardware acceleration and set the `will-change` property. Practical applications include interactive 3D galleries. While modern browsers widely support 3D transformations, fallback solutions should be considered. JavaScript can dynamically control perspective to achieve responsive 3D interactions.