Whitespace characters in CSS affect element layout and text rendering, including spaces, tabs, and line breaks. The `white-space` property controls their handling: `normal` collapses whitespace, `nowrap` prevents wrapping, `pre` preserves whitespace, `pre-wrap` preserves and wraps, `pre-line` collapses and preserves line breaks, and `break-spaces` behaves like `pre-wrap` but allows breaks at any whitespace. In Flexbox and Grid layouts, whitespace may create gaps requiring special handling. For text overflow, `nowrap` with `text-overflow` enables ellipsis. Pseudo-elements and CSS counters require attention to whitespace rendering. Different fonts handle whitespace differently. Responsive designs may need adjusted whitespace handling. Internationalization scenarios have unique requirements. Excessive whitespace can impact performance. CSS variables enable dynamic whitespace control. Understanding these differences helps refine page presentation.
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