First line indentation and letter spacing

In web design, first-line indentation and letter spacing are techniques used to control text layout. First-line indentation is achieved using the `text-indent` property, with common units including px, em, and percentage. The em unit, based on font size, better aligns with typographic needs, and negative values can create hanging indent effects. Letter spacing is controlled by the `letter-spacing` property, where positive values increase spacing and negative values reduce it. Large headings often use wider spacing to enhance readability, while small text may benefit from slightly increased spacing. All-caps text requires additional spacing. These techniques can be combined for unique layouts. Browser compatibility should be noted—older versions of IE have poor support for percentage-based indentation, and mobile devices may require fine-tuned minimal spacing. Performance-wise, frequent changes to letter spacing may trigger reflows, while first-line indentation has a smaller performance impact, though heavy usage can increase computational load.

Text overflow and ellipsis display

Text overflow is a common layout issue in front-end development. CSS provides various solutions, with using ellipsis to represent truncated text being the most common approach. Single-line text ellipsis requires four conditions: the element must have a defined width, line breaks must be disabled, overflow content must be hidden, and an ellipsis must be displayed. Multi-line text truncation is implemented based on WebKit's private properties, requiring the setting of the number of displayed lines and vertical orientation. In responsive design, text truncation can be handled dynamically. Table cells require special treatment, and pseudo-elements can create richer truncation effects. Right-to-left text needs specific handling. JavaScript enables more precise control. When using text truncation, accessibility issues must be considered, and excessive use may impact rendering performance. Browser-specific compatibility solutions are needed for different browsers. Practical applications include navigation menus, card components, data tables, etc. Advanced techniques include combining Flexbox layouts, dynamically adjusting truncation points, and displaying full text on hover.

The handling method of whitespace characters

Whitespace characters in CSS affect element layout and text rendering, including spaces, tabs, and line breaks. The `white-space` property controls their handling: `normal` collapses whitespace, `nowrap` prevents wrapping, `pre` preserves whitespace, `pre-wrap` preserves and wraps, `pre-line` collapses and preserves line breaks, and `break-spaces` behaves like `pre-wrap` but allows breaks at any whitespace. In Flexbox and Grid layouts, whitespace may create gaps requiring special handling. For text overflow, `nowrap` with `text-overflow` enables ellipsis. Pseudo-elements and CSS counters require attention to whitespace rendering. Different fonts handle whitespace differently. Responsive designs may need adjusted whitespace handling. Internationalization scenarios have unique requirements. Excessive whitespace can impact performance. CSS variables enable dynamic whitespace control. Understanding these differences helps refine page presentation.

The preformatted text tag (pre) translates this sentence into English, outputting plain text directly without any additional content.

The `<pre>` tag in HTML is used to define preformatted text. Browsers preserve the original formatting of the text inside the tag, including spaces, line breaks, and indentation, typically displayed in a monospace font. This differs from HTML's default behavior of ignoring extra spaces and line breaks. The `<pre>` tag is often paired with the `<code>` tag to display code snippets, maintaining formatting while indicating code content. Its appearance can be customized via CSS, such as modifying the background, font, and whitespace handling. Practical applications include code display, ASCII art, and formatted text. Advanced usage involves combining it with JavaScript for dynamic content or integrating with syntax highlighting libraries. When using it, accessibility and responsive design should be considered. The `<pre>` tag has excellent compatibility, but when handling user-provided content, proper security escaping is necessary. Server-side generation also requires correct handling of special characters and line breaks. Additionally, `<pre>` can be used for data visualization and simple text-based game development, making it an ideal choice for displaying content that requires preserving its original formatting.

Subscript and superscript tags (sub, sup)

In HTML, the `<sub>` and `<sup>` tags are used to create subscript and superscript text. Subscripts are commonly found in chemical formulas and mathematical expressions, while superscripts are often used for exponentiation and footnote markers. These inline elements do not cause line breaks and can be styled with CSS, including font size, color, and vertical alignment. Typical use cases include chemical molecular formulas, mathematical equations, ordinal notations, and footnote markers. They can be nested or combined with other elements, such as links. In complex mathematical expressions, multi-level nesting may be required. Screen readers recognize these tags, and it is recommended to add `aria-label` for complex expressions. All modern browsers support these tags, making them lighter than MathML for simple scenarios. When using them, ensure semantic correctness, adjust font size in responsive designs, and note that some fonts may display poorly. Special requirements can be simulated with CSS.

Text emphasis tags (strong, em)

In HTML, the `strong` and `em` tags are semantic tags specifically designed for text emphasis. `strong` indicates the importance of content, while `em` conveys emphasis in tone. By default, `strong` is displayed in bold and `em` in italics, but their core purpose lies in semantics rather than styling. They can be nested to express complex semantic hierarchies. Unlike the purely presentational `b` and `i` tags, they carry clear semantic meaning, making them particularly useful in scenarios like form validation, technical documentation, and more. Screen readers adjust their intonation based on these tags, enhancing accessibility. CSS can be used to customize their display styles, including responsive design and print optimization. In dynamic content and internationalization contexts, these tags should be used appropriately to improve interactive feedback and adapt to different language environments.

Chen Chuan's Fantastic Drift: The Marvelous Journey from Handwritten Code to cccx.cn

Chen Chuan, a 31-year-old programmer, decided to give himself a special birthday gift—a digital domain of his own. So, he registered the domain cccx.cn, which holds a hidden meaning: the first two "c"s stand for Chen Chuan, the third "c" represents Coder, and the final "x" symbolizes the X-factor. His website is called "Frontend Chuan," documenting his daily life as a frontend developer and using code to track his growth. Every year on his birthday, he adds new features to the site, celebrating in the way he knows best. In the future, he hopes the website will gather more streams of knowledge, share practical technology, and connect with fellow developers, continuing to write his life story through code.