The representation method of special characters

In HTML documents, special characters need to be represented using specific methods to avoid parsing errors. Character entities consist of a starting `&` and ending `;`, such as the less-than sign, greater-than sign, and ampersand. Numeric references use Unicode code points, represented in decimal or hexadecimal forms. The article provides a comparison table of commonly used special characters, including the less-than sign, greater-than sign, quotation marks, non-breaking space, copyright symbol, etc. It also introduces practical application examples of special symbols like mathematical symbols, currency symbols, Greek letters, directional arrows, etc., covering form display, code block rendering, and handling methods in CSS and JavaScript. Additionally, it mentions URL encoding, international character input methods, compatibility issues, and performance considerations, offering comprehensive guidance for correctly displaying special characters.

The processing rules for blanks and line breaks

In HTML, the rules for handling whitespace and line breaks are crucial for page rendering. Browsers compress consecutive whitespace characters into a single space, while the `<pre>` tag preserves original whitespace formatting. The CSS `white-space` property allows precise control over whitespace handling. Line breaks between inline elements are converted to spaces. JavaScript operations must account for invisible whitespace characters. Common solutions include eliminating inline-block gaps and using comments. Template literals preserve indentation whitespace. Server-side rendering requires whitespace compression. Mobile devices need special handling for long text. Screen readers process whitespace in specific ways. Regular expressions can match and remove whitespace between tags. Build tools can preprocess and compress whitespace. Email HTML requires special techniques to control spacing. Responsive design needs whitespace adjustments. Dynamic content can control whitespace via JavaScript. Different languages have varying whitespace requirements. Print stylesheets require optimized whitespace handling.

The writing method and purpose of annotations

HTML comments are essential tools for developers to understand code and maintain projects. The basic syntax involves wrapping content with angle brackets and exclamation marks, supporting single or multi-line comments but not nesting. Comments are commonly used for code explanations, temporarily disabling code, or marking to-do items. Early IE conditional comments are now obsolete. Good comments should avoid redundancy, be updated promptly, and exclude sensitive information. Build tools can remove comments in production environments to reduce file size, and teams should establish unified commenting standards. Comments do not affect SEO but may be read by screen readers. In multilingual projects, comments can annotate translation strings. Temporary markers can be added during debugging, though excessive comments increase file size. Proper use of comments significantly enhances code maintainability.

The target window of the form (target)

The `target` attribute of a form controls where the server response data is displayed after submission, with four standard values: opening in a new window, the current window, a parent frame, or the entire window. In framed pages, it allows precise control over the display location. Modern single-page applications can achieve no-refresh submissions using hidden iframes. Compared to AJAX, the `target` solution offers better compatibility but lower flexibility. For file uploads, it avoids page refreshes while still retrieving response results. When using this approach, be mindful of security concerns and browser compatibility differences. CSS may affect `target` behavior, and performance optimization should consider memory usage and potential user navigation confusion. Accessibility requires visual cues and screen reader adaptation. In Web Components, the `target` attribute can also be utilized in combination.

The submission method (method) of a form

The main methods for form submission are GET and POST. The GET method appends data to the URL, making it suitable for retrieving data but not for sensitive information. The POST method places data in the request body, making it suitable for sensitive information and large amounts of data. GET requests expose data in the URL, have length limits, and can be cached, while POST requests hide data, have no length restrictions, and are not cached. The choice between methods depends on factors like data security, size, and the nature of the operation. GET is suitable for scenarios like searches, whereas POST is better for sensitive operations like login or registration. Modern web applications often use AJAX for form submissions. Performance optimization can involve caching, chunked transfers, and debouncing. Different browsers may handle forms differently, so compatibility should be considered.

The basic structure of a form

HTML forms are essential elements for collecting user input. The `<form>` tag acts as a container for all form controls, with key attributes including `action` to specify the submission URL and `method` to define the data transmission method. Common form controls include text inputs, password fields, radio buttons, checkboxes, dropdown select boxes, and text areas. Form grouping is optimized using `<fieldset>` and `<legend>`, while the `<label>` element enhances usability. HTML5 introduced new input types like `email`, `url`, and `date`, along with validation attributes such as `required` and `pattern`. Form submission is handled via the `submit` button, while the `reset` button clears entries. Responsive layouts and validation feedback improve user experience. Security considerations include CSRF protection and password security. Dynamic form fields and `FormData` enable advanced functionality, while ARIA attributes enhance accessibility. Performance optimizations involve lazy loading and reducing DOM operations. Framework integration demonstrates form handling in React and Vue. Testing and debugging utilize developer tools and automated testing. Internationalization accounts for multilingual support and localized validation. Data persistence is achieved through auto-saving drafts.

Nested use of tables

Table nesting refers to embedding a complete table within a table cell to display hierarchical data. In HTML, this is achieved recursively using the `table` tag. Typical applications include multi-level data presentation, such as province-city-county structures, and complex form layouts. During implementation, ensure each table structure remains intact and be mindful of style inheritance issues. CSS can be used to individually set borders, and the `border-collapse` property can optimize appearance. On mobile devices, special handling is required to avoid performance impacts from excessive nesting—more than three levels is not recommended. For accessibility, set ARIA roles and associate table headers for enhanced interaction. Interactive features like dynamic content loading or sorting can be implemented via JavaScript. Debugging can involve color-coding layers or inspecting with browser developer tools. Alternative solutions include CSS Grid and Flexbox layouts, with special compatibility handling required for older IE and mobile browsers. In email HTML, nested table applications face significant limitations due to client restrictions.

Grouping columns in a table (colgroup, col)

The column grouping feature in HTML tables utilizes the `colgroup` and `col` elements to achieve structured management and style control of table columns. `colgroup` is used to group one or more `col` elements, with each `col` representing a single column or a column group. These elements support attributes such as `span`, `width`, and `align` to configure column counts and styles. In practical applications, column grouping simplifies unified style management for multiple columns, optimizes responsive layouts, and enhances the performance of large tables. Typical use cases include financial report design and interactive table implementations. Combined with CSS and JavaScript, it also enables dynamic style adjustments and accessibility improvements. Proper use of column grouping can significantly improve table readability and maintainability while reducing redundant code. However, browser compatibility issues must be considered, particularly with older versions of IE and mobile devices.

Grouping of table elements (thead, tbody, tfoot)

The `<thead>`, `<tbody>`, and `<tfoot>` tags in HTML tables are used to logically group table content, enhancing semantics and operability. The `<thead>` defines the header area, typically containing title rows, which browsers display by default in bold and centered, and repeats on each page when printed. The `<tbody>` contains the main table data and supports multiple instances for segmented loading or grouping. The `<tfoot>` defines the footer for summary rows, placed before `<tbody>` in HTML structure but displayed at the bottom. These grouping tags facilitate differentiated CSS styling and precise DOM manipulation with JavaScript. They play a crucial role in big data pagination, responsive layouts, and accessibility improvements. Combined with ARIA attributes and media queries, they optimize printing effects and mobile display. For dynamic content loading, AJAX can work with `<tbody>` to enable segmented rendering, boosting performance.

The merging of cells (rowspan, colspan)

In HTML tables, merging cells is a crucial technique for creating complex layouts, primarily achieved through the `rowspan` and `colspan` attributes. `rowspan` is used for vertical cell merging, while `colspan` is for horizontal merging. When using these attributes, it's important to maintain the structural integrity of the table and avoid inconsistencies in row and column counts. The article provides a detailed explanation of how to use these attributes, including standalone and combined applications, along with practical examples like class schedules and financial reports. It also highlights common issues such as table structure misalignment and cross-row/column calculations, offering solutions. Advanced techniques like CSS styling enhancements and dynamic merging with JavaScript are introduced. Finally, the article emphasizes accessibility considerations when merging cells, delivering comprehensive guidance for designing intricate tables.