Vue.js's custom renderer allows developers to override the default DOM rendering logic to achieve rendering targets in non-DOM environments such as Canvas, WebGL, or native mobile applications. The core approach involves creating elements, inserting elements, updating attributes, and removing elements, requiring the implementation of a specific set of node operation methods. The article demonstrates implementation examples of a Canvas renderer and a terminal console renderer, explaining how to integrate them with the Composition API. It also provides performance optimization techniques like batch updates and virtual node reuse. Practical applications include game development and data visualization. For debugging, tools like virtual node inspectors and logging can be used. Custom renderers need to consider compatibility with the Vue ecosystem, such as component library support and Vue Router integration. Testing strategies include unit tests and integration tests. Advanced topics cover support for custom directives, among others.
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Vue 3 introduces three major template syntax enhancements: Fragments, Teleport, and Suspense. Fragments allow components to return multiple root nodes, addressing Vue 2's single-root restriction, which is particularly useful for table and list structures. Teleport enables component templates to be rendered elsewhere in the DOM, making it ideal for modals, notifications, and other scenarios requiring hierarchical flexibility. Suspense specializes in handling async components, elegantly displaying loading and error states, and works effectively with async components and the Composition API. These features can be combined to create more powerful solutions, such as modals with async loading. Performance optimizations should be considered, like minimizing DOM nodes, avoiding frequent reflows, and using lightweight loading indicators. They also integrate seamlessly with other Vue features like `v-model`, `provide/inject`, and routing, making them suitable for complex forms, multi-step wizards, and other real-world scenarios. During development, debugging markers and state inspection can enhance the user experience.
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Vue 3's Composition API introduces the `setup` function as a core part, replacing Vue 2's Options API, including `data`, `methods`, and `computed`. The `setup` function executes before the component instance is created and cannot access `this`. Instead, it exposes data and functions through `props` and `context` parameters, as well as return values. Vue 3's lifecycle hooks are registered in `setup` via function calls, such as `onMounted` and `onUnmounted`, offering greater flexibility compared to Vue 2's hooks. The `setup` function supports asynchronous operations, facilitating data fetching, and allows logic to be encapsulated by feature for better code reusability. Note that `this` is unavailable in `setup`, requiring the use of `ref` or `reactive` to create reactive data. Lifecycle hooks execute in registration order but follow the overall lifecycle flow. Additionally, `setup` can integrate with features like `provide`, `watch`, and optimize performance with `shallowRef`.
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Vue 3 replaces `defineProperty` with `Proxy` to revamp the reactivity system, addressing the latter's inability to detect property additions/deletions and array mutations. `Proxy` enables more comprehensive reactive handling by intercepting operations, including dynamic property addition and `Map`/`Set` support. Performance-wise, `Proxy` adopts lazy conversion to reduce initialization overhead and minimize memory usage. Vue 3 introduces new APIs like `reactive` to simplify reactive programming while maintaining backward compatibility with older browsers. Source code analysis reveals core mechanisms like dependency tracking and update triggering. Best practices recommend optimizing for large objects and performance-critical scenarios, while the Composition API offers better code organization via composable functions.
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Vue.js provides two component authoring styles: Options API and Composition API. The Options API organizes code through options like data and methods, which is suitable for simple components, but logic can become scattered as complexity grows. The Composition API centralizes logic using the setup function and related functions, making it more suitable for complex components and logic reuse. The Options API reuses logic through mixins, which can lead to naming conflicts, while the Composition API achieves more flexible reuse via custom hooks. The Composition API offers better TypeScript support, declares reactive data using ref and reactive, calls lifecycle hooks as functions, and allows code organization by feature for better performance, though it has a steeper learning curve. The Options API is ideal for small projects and quick onboarding, while the Composition API is better suited for large projects and complex logic. Both can be gradually migrated, and Vue 3 supports coexistence of the two styles.
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Vue2 and Vue3 exhibit significant differences in architectural design and feature implementation. Vue3 reconstructed the reactivity system using Proxy, resolving Vue2's limitation with Object.defineProperty in detecting array mutations and newly added object properties. The introduction of the Composition API replaced the Options API, enabling better logic reuse and code organization. Lifecycle hook names were updated and unified within the setup function. Template syntax now supports multiple root nodes, and v-model usage was refined. Performance-wise, Vue3 reduced the core library size by half through virtual DOM optimizations and Tree-shaking. Enhanced TypeScript support provides more robust type inference. Global APIs were modularized for tree-shaking, while new features like Teleport and custom renderers were added. Asynchronous component definitions were updated, and transition animation class names now align better with CSS standards. These improvements significantly enhance Vue3's performance, development experience, and scalability.
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