Collaborate using GitHub/GitLab to translate this sentence into English.

Version Control Fundamentals

Git, as a distributed version control system, focuses on tracking file changes. Each developer maintains a complete repository copy, recording modifications through commits. The basic workflow includes:

# Initialize repository
git init

# Add files to staging area
git add .

# Commit changes
git commit -m "Initial commit"

A typical branch structure consists of master/main branches and multiple feature branches. Conflict resolution is crucial for collaboration:

// Example conflict file
<<<<<<< HEAD
const apiUrl = 'https://production.api';
=======
const apiUrl = 'https://staging.api';
>>>>>>> feature/new-api

GitHub Collaboration Process

Pull Request (PR) is the core mechanism of GitHub collaboration. The complete workflow includes:

1. Fork the main repository to your personal account
2. Clone a local copy:

git clone git@github.com:yourname/repo.git

3. Create a feature branch:

git checkout -b feature/awesome

4. Push changes to remote after modification:

git push origin feature/awesome

PR template example:

## Change Description
- Added user management module
- Fixed login page styling issues

## Testing Steps
1. Start development server
2. Visit /user page
3. Verify CRUD operations

GitLab Merge Request Features

GitLab's Merge Request (MR) offers unique functionalities:

• Multiple reviewer assignments
• Code quality gates
• CI/CD pipeline integration

.gitlab-ci.yml configuration example:

stages:
  - test
  - deploy

unit_tests:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm install
    - npm test

production_deploy:
  stage: deploy
  only:
    - master
  script:
    - npm run deploy

Branch Strategy Comparison

Comparison of common branch management models:

Feature branch naming convention examples:

feat/user-auth    # New feature
fix/login-error   # Bug fix
chore/ci-update   # Maintenance task

Code Review Best Practices

Key points for effective code reviews:

1. Small commits (under 200 lines)
2. Clear commit messages:

git commit -m "feat(auth): add OAuth2 support

- Implement Google OAuth provider
- Add token refresh logic
- Update user schema"

3. Use inline comments:

// TODO: Need input validation - @reviewer
function processInput(data) {
  return data.trim();
}

Conflict Resolution Techniques

Handling common conflict scenarios:

1. Binary file conflicts: Choose specific version

git checkout --ours image.png
git checkout --theirs document.pdf

2. Dependency conflicts: Resolve using package manager

{
  "dependencies": {
    "react": "18.2.0",  // Keep current version
    "lodash": "^4.17.21" // Accept new version
  }
}

3. Use graphical tools:

git mergetool

CI/CD Integration

Automated testing and deployment configuration examples:

GitHub Actions workflow file:

name: Node.js CI

on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - run: npm install
    - run: npm test
    - run: npm run build

GitLab Runner configuration:

[[runners]]
  name = "Docker Runner"
  url = "https://gitlab.com/"
  executor = "docker"
  [runners.docker]
    image = "node:16"

Project Management Integration

Issue tracking and code association:

1. Issue closing syntax:

Fixes #123
Resolves gitlab-org/gitlab#456

2. Milestone management:

git tag -a v1.2.0 -m "Release candidate"
git push origin --tags

3. Kanban integration example:

// Automatically move issue cards
function updateCardStatus(issueId, status) {
  fetch(`/api/issues/${issueId}`, {
    method: 'PATCH',
    body: JSON.stringify({ status })
  });
}

Permission Management Models

Permission configurations for different roles:

GitHub team permission examples:

• Read: View code
• Triage: Manage issues
• Write: Push code
• Maintain: Manage settings

GitLab protected branch settings:

protected_branches:
  - name: master
    push_access_level: maintainer
    merge_access_level: developer
    unprotect_access_level: owner

Advanced Collaboration Techniques

1. Use git rebase to maintain clean history:

git fetch origin
git rebase origin/main

2. Interactive rebase for modifications:

git rebase -i HEAD~3

3. Submodule management:

git submodule add https://github.com/user/repo.git libs/repo

4. Large file storage:

git lfs track "*.psd"
git add .gitattributes